Brain Drain And The Allure Of High Income Abroad - 1540 Words

1.0 Introduction According to Merriam Webster (2015), brain drain is referred to as a circumstance where by all or the majority of geographic region and capable resources and skilled ,intelligent within a given area leave the area because of various factors that comprises lack of high paying employment. In addition brain drain is also mentioned to as capital flight of human. Brain drain in another way of defining it, refers to the leaving of skilled, professionals from one economic sector to another country or field for better remuneration or living conditions. The allure of high income abroad refers to a circumstance whereby people in developing countries are entice by the benefits offered on develop countries. This paper will be focusing on brain drain and the allure of high income abroad and how developing countries can work to stem the personal flight by finding solutions. 2.0 Courses of brain drain According to (Gedamu, 2002), international migration is divided in three major categories. 2.1 Lack of Employment and Low Salaries Developing countries experience lack of employment and low salaries and this cause people to migrate where their demands are met. We can also say that low salaries and lack of employment tempt people to look for much suitable employment that can provide them with better salaries elsewhere. 2.2 Political instability in home country Political instability in home country can make people lose confidence in their governments and futureShow MoreRelatedHow Does The Brain Drain Be Hot Potatoes Throughout The World? Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesFor years, brain drain issues have been hot potatoes throughout the world. â€Å"Brain drain† is also academically known as the human capital flight, refers to the large scale migration of highly educated, skilled and talented people of developing countries to highly developed countries of the world (Wikipedia, 2016). The brain drain originated in 1960, when most of human resources like scientists, engineers, and technologists emigrated from United Kingdom to America (Wikipedia, 2016). This phenomenonRead MoreSwot Analysis It Industries in India3210 Words   |  13 Pagestheir first choice of abroad software[1]. The technological innovation of the Internet and the worldwide web have expanded the debate of the nature of organizations and the way people work[2]. Both Ch ina and Indian are developing countries with large population and long and great history. 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British Imperalism in India Essay - 1068 Words

Britain had a desire to have a more economic, political, and social influence over India. Even though the British never preserved a notable military existence in India, they were able to maintain political control. Many changes were made, which benefitted India, but there were also some changes, which contributed to its deterioration. Despite the negative impacts Britain left on India, imperialism is best understood as a strong country extending its authority, in order to increase its wealth, by bringing more of the world under its control, because Britain helped in the development of India from a nation-state, to a unified country, which is modernly the world’s largest democracy. Britain, a strong nation, demanded more influence over†¦show more content†¦The British policies required India to produce raw materials for means of British production and to buy British merchandise. The British forbid competition between India and Britain. After the railroad network was se t up, India became even more valuable to Britain. The railroads transported raw materials from the inner lands to the trading ports, in a rotating sequence. Industrialization added to Britain’s desire for raw materials and new markets and the British were motivated by this desire and looked for colonies to obtain. Adopting the policy of imperialism was economically beneficial for Britain, since it helped supply Britain with raw materials for industrial development, along with cheap food for Britain’s developing population. Britain chose to become imperialistic, because it would bring them prudent and economic benefits. Imperialism had both a negative and positive impact on the people and culture of India. The British possessed most of the economic and political power and established restrictions, which the Indians were not allowed to go against. However, India received several benefits from Britain’s rule, mainly in economy and education. The British rule in India assisted India in developing its capital for the future, as an independent country. Britain discovered several raw materials, which could easily be produced in India, which meant more wealth. While India was under British rule, westernized technology was introduced, in order toShow MoreRelatedHistorical Literature and Dehumanization2175 Words   |  9 Pagesor administered by European Governments. By 1892, for instance, the British Empire had influence on almost  ½ billion people and  ¼ of the total global population and economy. As a result, its HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Law o Common Law political, HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language o English Language linguistic and HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_culture o British culture cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, itRead MoreNotes on History: From 1757 Leading up to World War I4610 Words   |  19 PagesRobert Clive/Battle of Plassey 1757- British wanted to bring India into their empire. Incredible ambitious. Begin career as clerk for East Indian Company. He tried to commit suicide twice. Desperately unhappy and wanted to do something with his life. Siraj Ud- Dula was beginning to resist the East Indian Company. Clive said I know how to defeat this man the Indians had more people than the East Indian Company. He went around and begins to buy loyalty of generals to rebel against the prince. The Battle

Apology Paper Free Essays

Apology Paper In the Apology by Plato, the scene is set up on the jury; Socrates is standing in front of his accusers, Meletus, Lycon and Anytus. He is defending for himself against the four charges brought by the accusers. Socrates is charged with inquiring the heaven and searching things beneath the earth, a Sophist, not believing the god of Athens, and corrupting the youth. We will write a custom essay sample on Apology Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, surrounding him was a group of wealthy young audiences. In the Apology, Socrates is defending for himself as well as prophesies to those who condemned him. Although Socrates died, but he never convicted of his charges; even at the last moment, he warns the condemners and accusers will soon be punished by his son. In my opinion, if I were on the jury, I would also find Socrates as not guilty. Socrates violates none of the four charges, and by his eloquence, he embarrassed his accuser in front of the public, especially the wealthy young group of people and leading the defense on the jury and trap the accuser. According to the four charges on Socrates, the first one is Physicist, which is inquiring in the heaven and searching for things beneath the earth. Socrates uses two points for his defense, the falsehood that Socrates is a Physicist and Aristophanes. In the Dialogue, â€Å"and took possession of your minds with their falsehoods† Socrates thinks that the jury is judging unjustly for his charge, for those people who are being told that he is a Physicist since child. By default, those people are tended to think of the Physicist side. The word â€Å"default† means the natural tendency of thinking him as a Physicist in the first place. Later in the dialogue, Socrates furthers his defense by using Aristophanes’ comedy as an example. Aristophanes, also known as the father of comedy, he has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than anybody else. With such a great name being mentioned in front of the public, it is far more convincing that Socrates is not in the charge of Physicist, since Socrates treats the charge as watching a comedy which tells nonsense theory. Therefore, Socrates on the jury claimed that Meletus could not charge him for that. O Athenians that I have nothing to do with these studies. † The above statement shows the denial of Socrates of being a Physicist, he did not inquiring the heavens and below the earth. In my opinions, Socrates is obviously not guilty for the charges. He never was a Physicist, and even if he is, he would have search for explanation of the God, and knowing the cause of some Myths and use scientific approach to find the answer. The most i mportant fact about Physicist is that they don’t believe in God, they believe in evidences and proofs instead. But Socrates does believe in God. Besides, I found no sign of Socrates in doing anything scientific. Instead, he is trying to call out the people who he met are present here to witness the truth. The second charge against Socrates is he making the worse argument into the better argument, this charge identified Socrates with the Sophists, a Sophists is a tutor who charged for tutoring the youths for a career in politics by teaching them how to make a convincing arguments and travelled from city to city to teach the youth. If I were on the jury, I would give a vote for him for not guilty. First of all, Socrates in the dialogue seems to separate him from the Sophists group, he jokes about if he able to teach, he would honor his student to pay him. Later he quotes other great philosopher as his argument, he is honoring those great people have the knowledge to persuade the youth to leave their own citizens, with such privilege that is certainly worth some money. Also he told the story of Hipponicus’s son and the way he interprets is convinced that Socrates lacks any knowledge in teaching other people. â€Å"My poverty is a sufficient witness. Furthermore, Socrates is using his poverty level as a proof and a strong argument against Sophist, yet if he is charging fee for exhortation, it would if brought him out of poverty and living in luxury. But throughout the dialogue, there are plenty of places where Socrates stated that he have no money, â€Å"But you see that I have none, and can only ask you to proportion the fine to my means. † If he have the money, he would if volunteer to make an offer for the proposal for the sentence, instead of keep saying he have no money. As a conclusion, Socrates never travelled nor charged people money and living the life of poverty. It is very hard for me to think of Socrates doing the same as the Sophist, therefore I would brought in a verdict of not guilty for Socrates. The third charge for Socrates is corrupting the youth, â€Å"what evil does he practic or teach? They do not know, and cannot tell. † Socrates introduced his defense but saying group of wealthy young men came across him and getting angry with him for finding out that they really know nothing and call him the misleader of youth. But they can’t even point out what particular thing that Socrates had corrupted them, his argument was how he corrupted the youth when nobody can tell what Socrates teach. Furthermore, Socrates uses his eloquent brilliantly to embarrass his accuser Meletus. Socrates brought out Meletus and constantly ask him question and set him up to step on the trap. The tricks that Socrates is trying to do is to make Meletus contradicts himself. From the point of the jury, I would say he is not guilty for corrupting the youth. On the jury, Socrates pretends that he is the corrupter and asks for the people who he have given them advice to be his accusers, then he followed by a long list of names that he come across with. Besides, Socrates uses the word â€Å"produce† to emphasize his argument that Meletus should have â€Å"produce† some of witness that Socrates had gave them bad advice and Socrates even volunteer to make way them. Judging from this point, I certainly know that Socrates is telling the truth and he is confident that he is not corrupting the youth. Besides, I also think that the charge of corrupting the youth is linked with other charges, like the Sophist charge, the Sophist were very distrusted by Athenians, if Socrates is found guilty for Sophist, he is certainly corrupting the youth too, vice versa. Besides, the analogy of the training of the horse is a convincing point, yet the young men also require training by a skilled teacher, and most people cannot do it, unless those youth are same as the horses. Therefore, he is found not guilty for corrupting the youth. The last charge against Socrates is not believed in the god of Athens, this charge is probably a follow-up of the first charge, Physicist. If you do not believe in the god of Athens, than you must be worshipping other god, therefore, Socrates’ accusers think he is inquiring the heaven and searching for thing beneath the earth. In order to defense against he, Socrates further asks Meletus question by interrogating him to what extent is mean by not the same gods which Athens recognizes. Later Socrates regards the sun as stone and doubt about if Meletus is accusing Anaxagoras instead. â€Å"You really think that I do not believe in any god? This quote clearly shows Socrates’ argument, as Socrates are being accused on the jury, he defend himself by questioning Meletus of not knowing his belief. Socrates’ horsemanship and flute-playing is definitely dubious for Meletus, as he did not answer the question but get up an interruption. For the judgment here, I would say S ocrates is not guilty for not believing the god of Athens as he does believe in gods of Athens. In his defense, Socrates admitted that he do believe in divine beings, it must be spirits or demigod and he claims and make Meletus to say that Socrates is an atheist who believes in spiritual agencies and demigods. Socrates here successfully lead his accuser to admit that he have made a false accuse and have made up one just for charging Socrates. Without a valid accuse, how can Socrates be found guilty of not believing in the god of Athens? And yet Socrates is believes in the god of Athens. To conclude, if I were on the jury, I would found Socrates not guilty for the four charges. Nevertheless, the jury never wanted Socrates to die; it is Socrates would fain lose his life. Truth is always the truth, if you endeavor to defense, someday you will success. How to cite Apology Paper, Essay examples

Competitive Strategy Business Model Innovation Method

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Business Model Innovation Method. Answer: Introduction: Innovation is the continuous process of finding various methods by which any people, company or organization can sustain in its field of operation without being kicked out by their competitor (Amit and Zott 2012). The e-learning model of week 4 talks about innovation in business model. It has been able to highlight certain points based on which any company can develop a sustainable success path. There are four aspects in a business model, namely, the customers, goods and services offered to them, revenue generation and creation of value proposition. People usually have three misconceptions by the term innovation, they are: Innovation implies certain out-boxed ideas that never existed. It implies use of high profile technology and a company needs huge amount of resource to get grand success. The first thing that this video highlights is that many business giants failed as a result of misinterpreting the concept of success. They have the notion that their current scenario determines th eir success rate. The success of a company depends on how well the company can change their business models. This video also highlights the fact that most of the successful innovators created their products by amalgamating two or more product. Innovation in a business model implies changing minimum two aspects in a model (Visnjic, Wiengarten and Neely 2016). The adroit companies have successfully refined, changed the product design and modernize the existing products in order to stay ahead of their competitors. A successful innovation either reduces the cost of production or increases the value of the product as given by the customer. Microsoft Corporation is one of the leading companies using innovation in their business model. The company founded by two buddies, namely Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 has gone through radical innovation in their products and services. It started its journey by providing BASIC interpreters and now it is one of the giants producing video games, high profile computers and smart phones (Ikeda and Marshall 2016). It also launched Microsoft Surface in the year 2012. The way in which the company evolved through innovation is discussed now. The company expanded its business strategically from entering the OS business, introduced office suite, x-box and then surface pro. It gradually acquired Skype in 2011 and LinkedIn in 2016. Microsoft Corporation has successfully kept the price of its smart phones lower than the other smart phones available in the market serving the same purpose (www.microsoft.com 2016). Also it has provided opportunity to synchronize the laptops and tablets working on Windows OS with the smart phones so that people can get access to the data stored in those gadgets even when he are out of their home. It has given tough competition to Google and Apple in recent years and in the year 2012 it also surpassed the revenue generated by Apple Inc. Realizing the fact that it cannot strive to compete with the age old method is the greatest success of Microsofts business model (Pisano 2015). Hence, it has given its users the opportunity to contact their relatives and friend via Skype messaging. It has helped in the communication, whereby the users do not require to be confined in-front of their computers. At present it has been involved in changing its strategy which has also taken a toll in their current equity but the CEO hopes that this will enhance the future of the company. E-Learning Week 5: CAGE Framework, Evaluation of International Trade Opportunity: International trade depends on several important factors like inflation, national income and government trade policies of the trading partners, export subsidies and import restrictions and last but one of the most important thing s comparative advantage of the trading nations (Ghemawat 2015). Professor Pankaj Ghemawat has developed an interesting and exigent theory named CAGE Framework. This framework can help people to understand the international theories of trade in a more realistic way. The acronym CAGE refers to: C: Cultural A: Administrative/ Political G: Geographic E: Economic According to Professor, any kind of interaction, both inclusive and exclusive of trading relation are highly affected on the edge of these dimensions (Ghemawat and Altam 2016). Data suggests that whenever any two or more country has analogy in these aspects then the probability of those countries in trading is much higher than the countries which do not have resemblance in these aspects. There is huge impact on the economic and social scenario of a country depending on these aspects. This framework helps in analyzing the discrepancies and the parallelism of the countries. Coca-Cola Co. is one of the international brands incorporating and implementing the CAGE framework in their business model. It tries to implement different strategies in their business in different countries. For e.g.: They advertise their products differently in different countries. Say, in the country of India, they took the help of famous celebrities named Amir Khan, Deepika Padukone, Farhan Akhtar, Alia Bhatt, etc to promote their products. On other hand while Western consumers they posted advertisement of Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, etc. In order to reach out to various customers the company has also used the local language of the country in which it trades. Like in China, it used Chinese language where as in India it used promotional songs in Hindi language (www.cocacolacompany.com 2016). The company has efficiently used the geographical locations of different countries in spreading their product. The company has been efficiently establishing their shops and vending machines in public areas so that more people can get the access to their drinks. It has efficiently used its CAGE framework and has expanded its products to more than 200 countries. The uniqueness of this company is in the economic strategy that it uses in its trade. It has kept the bill of its products lower than most of the available substitutes. The most important thing that the company did is to aggrandize its products. Apart from soft drinks, it also sells fruit juices, caffeine products and energy drinks. The company had been so efficient in implementing various kinds of strategies that it faces the least competition in spite of the fact that it is engaged in international trade throughout the world. References: Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. CocaCola Company. (2016). Home Page. [online] Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Ghemawat, P. and Altman, S.A., 2016. 7 Distance and International Business Research.The Laws of Globalization and Business Applications, p.200. Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 5-28). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ikeda, K., Ikeda, K., Marshall, A. and Marshall, A., 2016. How successful organizations drive innovation.Strategy Leadership,44(3), pp.9-19. Microsoft.com. (2016). Microsoft Official Home Page. [online] Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Pisano, G.P., 2015. You need an innovation strategy.Harvard Business Review,93(6), pp.44-54. Visnjic, I., Wiengarten, F. and Neely, A., 2016. Only the brave: Product innovation, service business model innovation, and their impact on performance.Journal of Product Innovation Management,33(1), pp.36-52.

Problem and solution Essays - Drinking Culture, Alcohol Abuse

Drinking age- Problem and Solution. What should the age be for everyone to drink? This here is a common question all over the United States amoung teens and adults. Many feel that different ages should be the standard. Some feel that the current age is acceptable. While the age is now standing at 21 years old many minors are still drinking away at parties without there parents knowing. They are drinking at alarming rates, and often abuse it. This needs a solution more then just a general age for purchase. Morels and responsibility are the main way to steer away from the abuse and neglect of alcohol. In the United States. when someone reaches the golden age 18, they are legally an adult. At 18 they can drive, buy the license to marry, they can now vote, pay taxes, and take out loans whenever they need the little extra money in their hands. But, even though they have all them legally rights now that they are now the big 18, they still cannot purchase or drink alcohol. There are still three more years for them until drinking alcohol is legal for them. Many feel that this is why the drinking age should be lowered in the United States. Taking a different standpoint on this issue, the legalized drinking age should be lowerd to allow young adults starting at 18 to drink under the supervision " in controlled environments such as restaurants, taverns,pubs, and offical school and university functions". Supervised, moderate exposure to alcohol in the home with family lays foundation for a healthy respect for alcohol and it's associated responsibilities. Responable drinking, in these situat ions, can be taught through the educational programs or by their peers. That would develop more mature and rational drinking behavior. More than 37% of underage people are heavy drinkers. Only 30% of adults are heavy drinkers. If the underage drinkers were taught the right way to drink, instead of binge drinking, correcting our existing problem of abusive drinking would become much easier. The age law segregates our youth, while it is intended to protect society. Regrettably, it has backfired. Drinking age laws does a decent job of keeping young people from purchasing alcohol in most cases, but that does not stop them from being apart of events and parties dealing with the influence of alcohol. If considered an adult and expected to act like one at age 18 is it right to restrict them to a drinking age of 21? Who ever says that 21 is the age that everybody is one intelligent and mature adult to consume alcohol? Surely enough some adults abuse alcohol and some teenagers would be perfe ctly able to drink responibly. While 21 may be the legal drinking age in the U.S. , but no one really has evidence existing thats proving that this is the age at which young people can safely begin drinking alcohol. On the contrary, 16-25 years old have more drink-drive related accidents than any other age in the whole country. Althought DUI numbers may or may not change if the drinking age was lowered, the DUI numbers would rise a lot but quickly. Lowering the drinking age would take away some of the temptation. It's not as much fun when it's allowed! The most common reason for underage drinking is because alcohol is seen as " the forbidden fruit" or "a badge of rebellion against authourity" and a symbol of adulthood". A study by Dr. Ruth Engs, professor of applied health and science, found that by increasing the legal age, young people tend to abuse alcohol more. In actuality, to raise the drinking age was much more worse than doing nothing. Drinking is more exciting when it is il legal, along with many bad habits. Many people go out and binge drink simply because they know they should no be drinking at all with them being underage. I'm sure they all know better to wait to be 21 before drinking under the influence. Leaving prohibitions on alcohol mostly to the family is the best tactic, if the aim is to decrease binge and drinking minors. The focus should be on the safe consumptions instead of age restrictions. Other countries

Sample Questions on Management Essay Example

Sample Questions on Management Essay Example Sample Questions on Management Essay Sample Questions on Management Essay SOM 306 Sample Midterm Questions 1 . Operations management is the business function that plans, coordinates, and controls the resources needed to produce a companys a. Services and information b. Information and financial statements c. Financial statements and products d. Products and information e. Products and services 2. What is the Hawthorne effect? a. Workers responding to the attention they are given b. Stop watch time studies leading to time standards c. The use of quantitative methods for solving management problems f interchangeable parts e. More lighting increases pproduactivity d. The use 3. Which of the following is not considered one of the four broad categories of competitive priorities? a. Technology b. Cost c. Quality d. Flexibility e. Time 4. Suppose that in week 1 a company produced 1000 units using 60 labor hours. which of the following values in week 2 would labor pproduactivity decrease? = 2000, hours = 120 b. Units = 1500, hours c. Units = 1000, hours d. Units = 500, hours = 2000, hours = 100 For a. Units e. Units = 95 = 58 = 30 . I ne ease witn wnlcn a. Manufacturability b. Repeatability tne proa uct can De mace Is Its c. Readiness for manufacturing d. Reliability e. Accountability 6. Buying a competitors new product and studying its design features by disassembling it and analyzing its parts and features is a. Reengineering b. Disaggregation c. Redesign d. Benchmarking e. Reverse engineering 7. Birdie Par owns a company that makes golf gloves. She is thinking about introducing a new glove, which would require an additional fixed cost of $20,000 per ear. The variable costs for the new glove have been estimated to be $5 per glove. If she sells the new glove for $15, how many must she sell to break even? a. 1,000 gloves b. 2,000 gloves c. 3,000 gloves d. 4,000 gloves e. 5,000 gloves 8. Employees of the organization who receive goods or services from others in the company are a. Internal customers b. Ultimate customers c. Downstream customers d. Operators e. External customers 9. Under TQM, if suppliers meet preset quality standards a. They are given a bonus b.

Political Science 3991 A1 (2) Institutional Role of the State to Make Essay

Political Science 3991 A1 (2) Institutional Role of the State to Make Trade Possible - Essay Example The government of United States played a significant role in the growth of infrastructure as well as technology. The nation undertakes various regulatory as well as social functions for the development of the economy. The state has an important role to play in the market The US government plays a vital role for ensuring the development of its economy. The state ensures that there is a free flow of credit for the development of the groups which are not effectively served. It also undertakes steps to provide an amount of credit for the development of small entrepreneurs and imports as well as exports services. The government or the overall nation has also been involved with the tasks of developing the infrastructure as well as technology for the progress of the economy. The revenue collected by the government is transferred among the income classes by the tax system as well as outlays. The government generally pursues a vertical redistribution of income which assists the elder people t hrough the social security programs. The US government influences the economy through its tax collection systems such as charging more taxes on products which are identified to be obsolete. It controls numerous economic activities for the progress of the economy of the country. The nation has played a significant part in the development of economy as along with providing social services. ... he state formulate plans as well as undertake steps for the development of economy which will help in enhancing the trade in the global market (Labonte, 2010). The institutional role of the state to make trade possible The US government has undertaken various plans as well as actions for the improvement of economy of the country. The state has adopted various steps for ensuring free flow of financial supports for the improvement of the society as well as overall economy. The government has played a vital part towards developing its economy by providing financial support for enhancing exports as well as imports. It made attempts towards the development of small business entrepreneurs for enhancing trade as well as market. The trade practices of the state should be fair as well as efficient for its enhancement at the international level. The government regulates the financial sectors for free flow of credit for the purpose of providing assistance to the under developed sectors for impr oving the economic conditions as well as trade (Stiglitz, 2006). The trade of goods as well as services in between the countries entails numerous costs. Transaction cost is identified to be one such cost and is considered to be a direct cost which is believed to be associated with trade. It is a cost which is charged on the profit earned for the trade of goods as well as services. The transaction cost is classified into three stages of which the first stage is supposed to be contact and signifies that the buyer looks for information about the product of the supplier with the intention to trade. Traders in this stage carry on with exploration of information in relation to the trade that is planned to be performed. In the similar context, transaction cost is believed to be associated with the

Markiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Markiting - Essay Example For calculate the benefits the company must has marketing tool in find out buyer wants, behaviour and market size. 2)Developing Marketing Strategies – a company needs makng a positioning strategy. It must follow new-product developmet, testing and launching. Just after launching the product strategy has to undergone many changes in the different stages of product life-cycle. When a product is launch the product has to passes by four stages which are introduction, growth, maturity and decline and this cycle is called product life cycle (Kotler 2004). The figure given below shows a typical bell shaped product life cycle in terms of product revenue and profits. A new product takes time to settle in the minds of consumers. So ate first there happens low or no profits, low sales and high promotional expenditures (Kotler 2004). The marketing mix is affecting this way: 4)Promotion is done for holding innovators and quickly adopters. Marketing communications are everytime helping in educating and bringing interest in those consumers who may go for the product in future. In the growth stage sales increases because more consumers come to know the product and and buy it (Kotler 2004). There is competition. Attention is now on the safeguarding market share and also maximizing profit. In the following way it assist the marketing managers to making decisions: In the decline stage the sales of the product goes down a lot because of many reasons like change in technology, change in consumers tastes, more domestic and internation competitions (Kotler 2004). In such a stage the marketing managers should: Examples: Boston Market which declared bankruptcy and was taken over by McDonald’s came back into existence by revilatizing (Kotler 2004). Even Pitney Bowes was once predicting that the company will fail due to internet but the company still continuing as it

Ecological Footprint and Personal Environmental History Essay

Ecological Footprint and Personal Environmental History - Essay Example However, the scientists have not been successful till this point of time to locate other planets similar to this one. In comparison with the country average, my carbon and food footprint are more, indicating that I am taking those activities that are generating more carbon and I am consuming more food items that are providing more food footprint than the average rate. In addition to that, my footprint share by BIOME is largely contributed by the forestland footprint, which is around 40 percent of my total footprint share by BIOME. I am astonished to see the impact of my footprint over the ecological system of the planet. I feel that I am the person who is contributing more in the ecological footprint than any other person. And, it is largely contributed by my current lifestyle and activities that I routinely carry on. For example, I use vehicles; consume excessive water, I do not retune my vehicle’s engine on time. My current lifestyle has little chances of being sustainable. I consider that the only way to improve and enhance the sustainability in the lifestyle can only be achieved if I start thinking like a person who lives ethically, socially and personally responsible by reducing every that activity creating or enhancing the ecological footprint. I should retune my vehicle’s engine on time; if I and my father are going in the morning, instead of using two vehicles, we should use one. While consuming water, I should not waste any single drop of water and so on. To be honest, I have never thought about my relationship with the earth. As a result, my relationship with the earth has been a stranger. A person who does not know about the earth, which has everything that is indispensable for my existence on this planet; the earth has been made in a way that is filled with a number of elements and members. Each element and member has individual role to play; for example, with the presence of air, we breathe

Myanmar And Its Neighbours History Essay

Myanmar And Its Neighbours History Essay Myanmar is one of the few countries in Asia which has reserved interest in what happens outside its border. This is often reflected in the countrys external relations policy. Perception of outside threat to her national security and sovereignty made Myanmar play an independent but inactive role in external affairs. Historically, though Myanmars immediate neighbours were tortured by strong kings of Myanmar in different period of history, Myanmar also suffered in the hands of the neighbouring kingdoms. Thus, the people of Myanmar have general fear and indifferent psychosis towards outside world. This is closely related to nationalism, xenophobia and insular habits. From geographical standpoint also, Myanmar has favourable physical structure and geo-strategic position that has a lot to hide from the outside world. It has been mentioned in the second chapter that Myanmar is surrounded by mountains on three sides and by sea on the forth (south), which do not provide easy access to inside Myanmar. Myanmar was also situated in a vulnerable geo-strategic location with India and China between which Myanmar is sandwiched; and between contending cold war sphere of influence represented by Communist China and pro-western Thailand, Myanmar stood huddled. During the heyday of cold war, Southeast Asian region became a hotspot of the global power politics with many countries of the region taking side either with the western bloc headed by United States of America or the eastern bloc under the erstwhile Soviet Union. But Myanmar tended to look inward in the name of maintaining sovereignty and independent action. This is reflected in the foreign policy of the country as evolved, first as policy of neutralism and nonalignment under U Nu, and second, as policy of isolation under Ne Win, until it adopted policy of opportunistic engagement with the world outside particularly since late 1988. The parliamentary democracy era of 1950s avoided active international engagement in pursuanc e of non-aligned policy. The establishment of military rule in March 1962 brought Myanmars nonalignment and neutral ideology into a strong xenophobic and paranoid nationalism, clearly aimed at reducing any foreign influence on Myanmars politics, economy and society. Only international engagement beneficial to militarys perceived ideology and interest was allowed. In response to the military regimes monopoly of power and adverse human right records, many liberal democratic countries of the west imposed sanctions against Myanmar, and ostracised the country. In the meantime, global geo-political shifts occurred with the end of cold war in early 1990s following the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union. Geo-economics rather than geo-politics gained greater credence in the changed international environment. Economic integration and regionalism ushered in with globalization as the thriving force. Internally, the crisis of 1988 necessitate shift in the country internal politics and appr oaches to external countries. Accordingly, Myanmar made adjustment in response to changes in domestic and external environment. With western liberal democratic countries still following policy anti-thetical to the militarys ideology, Myanmar focussed to its immediate neighbours and region. While the western countries used sanction policy, neighbouring Asian governments followed a policy of constructive engagement. In doing so, they have filled much of the international political and economic vacuum in Myanmar, giving the military leaders to pursue its self-proclaimed political road-map. This chapter is structured to highlight Myanmars foreign policy, the status of Myanmar in the world community, the countrys government-to-government relationship and relative integration with the world community, especially focussing its relationship with its three important neighbours namely China, Thailand and India. It will be conducted in three phases: period of neutrality and non-alignment under parliamentary democracy, period of isolationism under Ne Win and the period of engagement aftermath 1988. This chapter shows that Myanmars isolationism in external front is a necessary corollary of its domestic political setting. This chapter proves that Myanmars retreat from world of nations is premised on fear, security, non-interference, national interest, sovereignty and development. Though in its foreign relations, Myanmar has maintained regular relationship with all countries, in practice; Myanmar discourages the relationship between its people and those of other countries, so much so that it is like closing the country from the outside world and acts like a hermit of Asia. This chapter also deals with how domestic political-economic changes since 1988 have affected its external affairs policy. This chapter will show that Myanmars foreign policy and status in the international community was characterised by varying degrees of isolation, in response to its internal political setting and global political scenario. International isolationism became a comfortable state of the isolationist political system under the military leaders to deny the attention of the foreign powers as to what happen inside the borders of the country. From the militarys angle, international isolation was in pursuance of a strong, cohesive and developed Myanmar the basis of which was to ensure the military continue to stay in power until acceptable time had emerged to vacate seat of power. As the goal suggest, it will be shown in this chapter that Myanmar opens to outside world only it wo uld serve its highly self-centred interests. Myanmars direct neighbours are often forced to undergo a difficult balancing act. Myanmar in International Context One fact of the pre-colonial Myanmar was that the Burmans were generally indifferent towards foreigners. Historically, Myanmars political and military ties with the outside world had feared the country. The Thais, Manipuris, Chinese or Europeans provided ill-experience of dealing with outsiders. The Myanmese never accepted the British presence in Myanmar; they saw the British institutions and practices had undermined the Burman culture. Myanmars ill with the outsider strengthened during the World War Two, when its ties with the British made it a Japanese target. The resulting oppression and destruction during the World War Two left Myanmar even more apathetic to outsiders. With such fear psychosis, Myanmar became independent in 1948, also with new hopes and vigour. But the period coincided with the onset of cold war, where the world was divided into two rival camps headed by United States on the one hand, and Soviet Union, on the other, and most of the lesser powerful states followin g them. Two traditional rivals, China, a communist country in the north, and Thailand, a pro-western ally to the east, were allegedly expressed sympathy for Myanmars anti-government rebels and insurgents in the border areas. Very differently from them, Indian, a non-aligned partner under the leadership of prime minister U Nus close friend Jawaharlal Nehru, had been emerging as a distinct force in the world. This situation was well commented by U Nu in 1950. U Nu lamented his country as ..like a tender gourd among the cactus. We cannot move an inch. If we act irresponsiblyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and thrust the Union of Burma into the arms of one bloc, the other bloc will not be contented to look on with folded arms (U Nu, 5 September 1950 quoted by Thomson 1957:266 ). Back home, ethnic and political disunity erupted into rebellion and the ever increasing economic deterioration greatly disrupted legitimacy of the government and stability of the country. The new external and domestic challenges made materializing Aung Sans world-view difficult.  [1]  In response to the challenges, the new countrys leaders adopted neutralism and non-alignment as the cornerstone of the foreign policy of the country. At the same time, as Choudhary (2000:423) mentions, Myanmar also accepted the principles of maintaining friendly relations with all countries especially with her neighbours without being engaged too closely with any one of them, and of receiving no economic aid with string attached. Commenting on the genesis of Myanmars neutralism in dealing with outside world, Silverstein (1977:169) concludes: The policy of neutralism was based on certain realities that imposed themselves on either a civilian (before 1962) or a military (after 1962) Burmese government. Among them were Burmas small memories of World War Two and the suffering and destruction inflicted upon its people and the land; its internal political instability; and its ethnic and political disunity. These were superimpos ed on Myanmars traditional withdrawing and isolationist attitude and influence of personality of U Nu (Bandyopadhaya 1983:152), the first prime minister of independent Myanmar.  [2]  These factors, among others, shaped Myanmars world-view, that Myanmar would be a neutral and non-aligned country in an effort to maintain friendship with all countries in the world. Myanmar joined United Nations and it became a leading voice and founder-leader of the non-alignment movement, organizing the 1955 Bandung Conference in Indonesia along with like-minded leaders such as Nehru, Nasser, Tito and Sukarno; Myanmar also attended the first NAM summit held in 1961as the movements founder member. The foreign policy of Myanmar also sought a delicate balancing role between USA and USSR, and between India and China. India served as a model for Myanmars neutralism, non-alignment and democracy, but it never allied itself too closely with India, which could have upset its relations with China (Lintner 1 992). Thus, Myanmar became the first non-communist country to recognise the new government of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 (Seekins 1983:54). When it feared its neutral policy would cease if it had joined the British Commonwealth of Nations, it wisely declined to join the body of former British colonies. Myanmar wanted to sever all ties with the outside world provided if it did not serve its interest, and if it proved against the principle of neutralism and non-alignment. Myanmars neutralism and non-aligned policy was first tested in the Korean Crisis of 1950. Myanmar voiced U Nus call for a halt to North Koreas aggression against the South Korea. When the United Nations forces crossed the 38th parallel, Myanmar withdrew its support on the belief that UN had overstepped its original mandate. In several other international issues such as Russian intervention in Hungary in 1956, Egypt crisis in 1956, Cuban crisis in 1961 etc. Myanmar did not followed big power line. Myanmar became a member of the Colombo Plan, but it refused to join SEATO founded in September 1954. Amidst hesitations, Myanmar received aid from both the US and USSR throughout the cold war period. The USSR offered specific gifts of a hospital, hotel and technological institutions, while US funds off and on after 1951 for agricultural and land reclamation projects. The government of U Nu tried to befriend with both India and China through his personal link with their respective leaders nam ely Nehru and Chou-en-Lai. In other words, throughout the parliamentary democracy period, Myanmar gained respect internationally by managing to live alongside large and powerful neighbours without compromising its independent foreign policy (Lintner 1992). It, thus, became one of the most respected leading governments in the region and its neutralism was much appreciated by western chanceries. The is proved by the fact that Myanmars U Thant was appointed, first, as the acting Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1961, and, later, twice elected to the position. U Thant led the world body for the next ten years. When the military rule took over power in March 1962  [3]  neutralism of the era of parliamentary democracy became isolationism and non-involvement or negative neutralism (Maung Maung Gyi 1981). Ne Wins Revolutionary Council followed an ideology called the Burmese Way to Socialism, mixed with a strong xenophobia and nationalistic policy, and corollary to it, Myanmar withdrew from international community, shunning most of the diplomatic ties established during U Nus period. Ne Win heading the new military regime exhibited deep-seated antagonism towards the west and its support for Kuomintang (KMT) troops in Myanmar, distrusted India, and feared Chinese communist influence in the country (Turku 2009:124). Contact with the outside world was kept to an absolute minimum. The military denied joining the Association of Southeast Asian Nations when it was formed in 1967 and even stunningly left the NAM in 1979, considering these organizations not neutral. Soon after coming to power, the Revolutionary Council enacted several laws clearly aimed at reducing any foreign influences over Myanmars economy and society. The government announced that it preferred only government to government aid of bilateral and multi-lateral programmes (Holmes 1967:189), and discontinued acceptance of aid from the American philanthropic organizations, the Ford and Asia Foundations, and also the Fulbright British Council programmes, as the military considered it belittling to accept aid from private organizations (Silverstein 1964:167). Freedom of press was denied and the government also acted forcefully to curb propaganda and information activities of all foreign diplomatic missions (Holmes 1967:189), thus denied people to deal directly with the outside world. Foreign diplomats and party officials (BSPP officials) were also subject to very strict set of rules (Turku 2009:192). If the party official sought to speak to a foreign national or issue/accept an invi tation from a foreigner they had to seek specific permission from the party, and upon return they had to give specific details on the conversations they had with foreigners (ibid.) The nationalisation programmes launched in February 1963 by the military government directly affected the Indians, Chinese, Anglo-Myanmese and Western agricultural, trade and banking communities, most of them were force to flee the country. The effort was indigenization of the economy by placing the private foreign owned enterprises in the hands of the people of Myanmar. Cynics argued that Myanmars new foreign policy basically meant no foreign policy at all apart from the concept of group survival; its embassies and consulates abroad did very little to improve relations with the host countries (Lintner 1992). Officially, the dictum friendship with all the countries of the world still remained a cornerstone of Myanmars foreign policy, but in practice, the country did not take any positive interest in furth ering friendly relations with other nations, except few (Singh 1977:181). As Lintner (1992) argues Myanmar under the military rule invented an intensely new dogma in foreign relations, that is, bilateralism, and preferably only with neighbours. General Ne Win made few official visits to Moscow, Peking and Washington, but few meaningful outcomes could be seen from the visits. For example, Ne Wins visit to USA in September 1966 related to some business affairs, military support for its anti-communist military campaign and to play golf. There were no real diplomatic ties and this diplomatic vacuum was well commented by one-Rangon (Yangon) based foreign envoy in 1988: We had no meaningful contact with any element of the Burmese government. They had a designated group of foreign ministry types who could come to our dinners and talk about golf and tennis, the weather and what fruits were in seasonduring my first three months in Burma, my backhand improved immensely, and I even took up the game of golf, which I had thought was just a waste of time. But I had time to waste (quoted in Lintner 1992, also see Lintner 1990:60-61). Under the leadership of the Ne Win, Myanmars military government sank into deep isolation. At the same time, because it had denied the economic benefits of engaging with other countries, and also since the military leaders lacked knowledge of managing economic affairs, the country gradually encountered economic recession. In response, the BSPP government showed inclination to international development assistance and projected its vast mineral wealth opportunities to the outside world. The government entered into development programmes with the World Bank, the IMF, the ADB and UNDP, as well as accepted increased bilateral aids. In 1976, World Bank set up an aid consortium, including Britain, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Australia and Canada for consultation and the establishment of a common policy regarding Myanmar (Charney 2009:145 ).The BSPP regime also softened its state-controlled and autarchic economic policy, and by mid 1980s, foreign aids and loans began to enter Myanmar. Although Japan and West Germany were the largest of the foreign aid donors, the Peoples Republic of China also emerged as a major source of loans to the country from 1970 (ibid.). However, the inflow of foreign loans also led to corresponding increase in long-term debt, producing a critical state of indebtedness by the mid 1980s. This together with internal political isolation and economic mismanagement produced socio-economic devastations forcing Myanmar to become one of the least developed countries in 1987. This shocked the proud and highly nationalistic people of Myanmar. It spurred the 1988 protests attracting the greatest international interest into the countrys political and economic situations. The brutal crackdown and suppression of the protest by the military junta was swiftly publicised in the international community and even tually western governments imposed sanctions to Myanmar. Many western governments including Japan, non-governmental organizations and business bodies ended operations in Myanmar. Immediately after the crackdown, US withdrew its ambassador from Myanmar. Sanctions by United States were formally enacted in 1997, which was further tightened after 2007, following the crackdown on the monks protest, until it was uplifted recently in 2012.  [4]  Some businesses such as Ciz Claiborne, Osh Kosh BGosh and Pepsi (which was a joint venture with a native businessman) ended operations in Myanmar due to pressure from American-based activists. Contrary to western governments, most of Myanmars neighbouring countries adopted policy of constructive engagement and as mentioned, in doing so they followed much of the vacuum created by international isolation of Myanmar. The country had normalised relationships with two neighbouring powers, China and India (see later), by skilfully exploiting the oppo rtunistic intention of the two countries. Thailand was also captured by the economic prospects which engagement with Myanmar could provide. Following these events, Myanmar made changes to its external relation positions. It gave up its strict non-aligned neutralism  [5]  and isolationism and joined the regional GMS-EC (1992), BIMSTEC (1997), ASEAN (1997) and ACMCES (2003). Myanmar joining ASEAN in 1997 had greatly enhanced the credibility of the legitimacy hungry military government, because the ASEAN, citing their doctrine of non-interference in the internal affairs of the member countries rallied to the Myanmar governments defence. All these indicate government of Myanmar willing to integrate with the world community, but as evident, it could be when it could provide more benefit to the country. The military regime undoubtedly preferred no foreign attention and involvement in its affairs. For example in 2005, the ruling military government SPDC shifted capital of the country f rom Yangon to a more reclusive region Naypyitaw where influence of outsiders would be so profound. Similarly, aftermath of cyclone Nargis 2008, Myanmar thought a long before letting in any humanitarian and relief aids to the affected people, and when it was allowed, the aid agencies and countries were often obstructed by the military. Moreover, preference was given to neighbours over the western countries. For the last six decades, Myanmar has lived in varying degree of isolationism and opportunistic engagement. During the period of strict isolationism, Myanmar maintained diplomatic relationship with all the countries; it discourages relationship between its people and those of other countries, to such an extent that it is like closing the country from the outside world and acts like a hermit of Asia. The military junta certainly not liked foreign attention and involvement in its internal affairs. Myanmar is interested in foreign aids and loans, external trade and investments, but it did not preferred to abandon its policy of isolation. The pro-democracy uprising of 1988 divided international communitys perception on Myanmar. The western role with regards to Myanmar had long been policy of sanction and isolation, which proved counter-productive. The western countries such as USA, countries of European Union, France, Australia and Asian country-Japan and South Korea, imposed sanctions o n Myanmar thus supplemented Myanmars policy of isolation. Myanmar juntas poor human right record and denial of democracy invited western ostracism. Certainly, the sudden international isolation and sanction policy hampered Myanmars economy badly, and this prompted Myanmars attention and open policy towards its immediate neighbours. The immediate neighbours of Myanmar have acted as a balancing act for the military junta. Myanmar and China China is the largest, the most powerful and practically the nearest of Myanmars neighbours. Historically, Myanmar experienced memory of fear, distrust and entrenched relationship in relation to its northern neighbour. In different periods of history, China posed a threat to the security and sovereignty of the monarchical Myanmar. Many strong Chinese dynasties had intervened in Myanmar kings affairs in different periods of history and caused considerable havoc. Kublai Khan sent armies from Yunnan in late 1980 to subjugate the kingdom of Pagan, effectively bringing to an end the first unified Burman kingdom (Seekins 1997:527). The last king of the Pagan dynasty, king Narathitrapate, earned the nickname Tarok Pye Min, meaning the king who ran away from the Chinese (Trager 1966:234). Chinese had invaded Myanmar during the Chinese Qing dynasty. It was an important event in the history of Myanmar that when Chinese Qing king launched several mission to subdue the arrogant Myanmar king betwe en 1765 and 1768, Chinese professional armies was utterly outfought and its viceroy was forced to sue for peace (Tinker 1967:338). Professor Yingcong Dai (2004) writes, not only did one after another commander-in-chief of the Qing dynasty fail to conquer Myanmar, but the Qing troops also suffered extremely heavy casualties. When Myanmar was incorporated into British Indian Empire, China adopted a cautious attitude in dealing with Myanmar. Myanmar became an independent country in 1948. Next year, the civil war in China had ended with victory of the communist over the nationalist Chinese. China became a communist country under the leadership of Mao Zedong, which was given official recognition by the Myanmar authority. In fact, Myanmar became the first non-communist country to give recognition to the Peoples Republic of China (PRC).  [6]  However, in a world divided by ideological and power competitions, Myanmar adopted a policy of non-alignment and neutrality, whereas China became a staunch proponent of international communism considering all countries beyond the socialist camps as imperialist or controlled by imperialist or anti-revolutionary forces. As a result, Myanmese neutralism and non-alignment policy could not win the trust of the Chinese authority. China believed, whether in economic, military or political dimension Myanmars nature has not been changed; it is still a typical country even after its independe nce (Hongwei 2012:15). Hongwei (2007:18) cites Chinese authorities comment on Myanmars neutralism and non-alignment as follows: On one side, Burma is bordering China, and hence do not dare to side with the imperialists [the West] and make China an enemy. At the same time, when Burma is having controversies with the imperialists, they want the support of China and the Soviet Union. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) On the other hand, the ruling class in Burma (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is to a relatively large degree depending on the imperialists. On occasion, the Chinese government expressed its dislike for the Myanmese leaderships alleged readiness to let the western powers (Great Britain and United States) influence over Myanmars economy and politics. For instance, on September 3, 1952, when Chou-en-Lai visited Moscow and talk with Stalin, he stated that the Myanmese government conceal its real position on China, but it actually pursued the policy of anti-China following the UK and US lead (Hongwei 2012:15). In other words, during the period 1948-1962, China was not at all excited by the idea of Myanmar being an independent country as the Chinese still considered Myanmar to be under foreign influence. Conversely, Myanmars threat perception to its national security from China did not vanished even after independence. The Chinese factor, in turn, influenced Myanmar in adopting a policy of non-alignment and neutrality in a world divided by power politics and cold war. As Thomson (1957:336) writes, fear of antagonizing China ha s also been at least partially responsible for Burmas policy of neutralism. The first factor standoff in the Myanmar-China relations in the initial years of the independence was the unauthorised occupation by the remnants of the Chinese Nationalist or Kuomintang (KMT) in Myanmars northern border. When Mao Zedong had established a communist regime in China in 1949, armed forces loyal to Chaing-Kai-Sheik, the KMT leaders, by crossing over Yunnan province established base in the eastern part of the Shan state. It is alleged that the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supplied money and arms to the illegal KMT forces, and encouraged them to raid into communist China from Myanmars border soil (Choudhary 2000:424, Seekins 1997:527). The Myanmese authority feared that China would use this as a pretext to invade Myanmar, and occupy the unsettled border areas under the guise of the elimination of the KMT troops (Hongwei 2012:14). Myanmar also feared that China would misunderstood that it was intentionally proving shelter to the KMT remnants and supportin g Taiwan and the US anti-communist policy toward China (ibid.). Myanmars fear and distrust for China continued and as a result, Myanmar was very cautious in dealing with China. The two countries established formal diplomatic ties early in 1950s. While Myanmar attempted to deliberately avoid antagonizing China, China, in response, adopted a dual strategy. On the one side, China pursued a policy of establishing good diplomatic relationship with the government of the Union of Myanmar by establishing diplomatic ties and exchanging official visits, on the other side, it sympathized Communist rebel in Myanmar. It can be mentioned here that immediately after independence Myanmar faced severe threat to its national security from the communist rebels and ethnic insurgents. During this turbulent years of internal revolts, China extended covert sympathy in cause of the revolting communist rebels in Myanmar by endorsing party-to-party relations between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the White Flag Communist Party (BCP) of Myanmar led by Than Tun. The Chinese authority rendered psychological support and strategic advices to the BCP which was not liked by the Myanmese authority. So, the BCP with the support of the Chinese posed a serious threat to Myanmars national security.  [7]  This factor greatly held back the growth of a close and warmth government-to-government relations between Myanmar and China. Nevertheless, the bilateral relationship achieved significant milestone in 1954 when the Chinese Premier Chou-en-Lai visited Rangon in 1954, and with his Myanmese counterpart U NU issued a joint statement declaring the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence which henceforth acted as the basis for the Myanmar-China relationship.  [8]  The government-to-government ties were further strengthened when U NU paid back a visit to China latter in the year 1954. Not to attract communist Chinas wrath over the KMT issue, the previous year, the Myanmese authority had so ught attention and support of the United States and United Nations. In 1953, Myanmar asked the United States to cancel its aid programme to the KMT remnants, and took the question of illegal Chinese nationalist forces inside Myanmar to the United Nations (Choudhary 2000:242).  [9]  However, despite the efforts of the world body, only a partial repatriation of the Chinese nationalist troops to Taiwan was affected, and the remaining KMT soldiers settled down in the Shan state and became involved with the Myanmese ethnic and political dissents and active in the illegal opium trade (ibid.) until the forces had been uprooted in late 1980s. The more significant development between Myanmar-China relations came when the two governments had managed to reach agreement on the historical issue of border settlement in 1960. The Sino-Myanmar border treaty was signed in 1960 defining the international boundary between the two countries. The same year the two countries also signed a treaty of f riendship and mutual non-aggression which reinforced the treaty of 1954.  [10]  According to the treaty, the two parties would not invade each other and refrain from any military alliance directed against the other party. In 1961, Chinas People Liberation Army (PLA) and army of Myanmar launched joint operations against the KMT forces operating between their borders. The period before the military led By Ne Win had establish political control in Myanmar in 1962, Sino-Myanmar relation was nervously friendly. Myanmar, during this period, was very cautious not to offend PRC and courted its friendship because, unlike India, China posed potential threat to interfere in Myanmese internal affairs due to presence of KMT forces inside Myanmars northern border and also it adopted policy of export of revolution. Myanmar adopted and pursued policy of non-alignment and neutrality, and showed friendly gestures, which were largely grounded on maintaining its national security and freedom of action. The country maintained policy of neutrality during the Sino-Tibet affairs of 1950 and refused to brand China an aggressor in Korean Crisis of 1951 in United Nations meetings. But, the Chinese dual-track policy toward Myanmar continued. In 1957, U Nu spoke in Myanmars parliament that new Chinas relationship with the insurrectional BCP are not clear, but expressed some fraternal case (cited in Hongwei 2012:12). To China, Myanmars non-alignment and neutralism was not genuine, but fickle and unpredictable. Thus, though there was mutual suspicion and mistrust, the period 1949-1962 was a period of ambivalent peaceful co-existence in the bilateral relatio

Themes of Diceys Song by Cynthia Voigt :: essays research papers

There are several themes in the story Dicey?s Song by Cynthia Voigt. Some examples of them are the attraction of the unusual, the connection between reaching out and receiving, letting go by holding on and holding on by letting go, which all play an important role in this novel. The attraction of the unusual would refer to the appreciation of others to Dicey and her unusual ways. Dicey was used to rejecting the conventional and breaking traditional roles. She was annoyed with the predictability and shallowness of her classmates and others around her. She didn?t care about how she looked or what she wore or even how polite or impolite she was. Instead, she devoted her concern to her family. The people who were considered outcasts and were shut out from conventional life were the ones who reached out to Dicey. From this, we see they were attracted to the unusual. In the novel characters learn how to reach out to one another. For example, in the beginning Gram completely secluded herself from the community and also her family but in the end opens herself up to the rest of the Tillerman children and also to others such as Mr. Lingerie, Maybeth?s obese piano teacher. Dicey learns how to except a helping hand from others such as Mina, a classmate who defends her when accused of plagiarism, and a ride home from Jeff a guitar-playing loner. From this, it shows the connection between reaching out and receiving. Throughout her entire stay in Crisfield, Dicey practiced letting go by holding on and holding on by letting go. She eventually lets Gram take control as the parental figure in the house and through this is able to hold on to her family. Also, in the past Dicey tried to hide her feelings about upsetting events in her life, but when Momma dies she reflected on those memories and was finally able to let go. In other words, Dicey learns how to let go but also hold on.

Don Quixote

Joseph Andrews is Fielding's first novel. It is a classical example of a literary work which started as a parody and ended as an excellent work of art in its own right. The work Fielding intended to parody was Richardson's first novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded which had taken England by storm in the years following 1740 when it was first published. In his novel Fielding intended in the beginning to show how Lady Booby (aunt of â€Å"Lord B. † in Richardson's novel) attempts the virginity of Joseph Andrews, described as the virtuous Pamela's brother but in the end discovered to be different. The whole intention was comic. But after Chapter IX Joseph Andrews seems to break away completely from the original intention. Parson Adams, who has no counterpart in Pamela, runs away with the novel. He â€Å"is one of the most living, lovable, comical bundles of wisdom and simplicity in all literature. † In the words of Edmund Gosse, â€Å"Parson Abraham Adams, alone, would be a contribution to English letters. † He indeed is the hero of the novel, and not Joseph Andrews. Fielding was aware of giving a new literary form with Joseph Andrews which he called â€Å"a comic epic in prose. † Fielding is a great master of the art of characterization also. Fielding's broad human sympathy coupled with his keen observation of even the faintest element of hypocrisy in a person is his basic asset as a master of characterization. He laughs and makes us laugh at many of his characters, but he is never cynical or misanthropic. He is a pleasant satirist, sans malice, sans harshness. He gives no evidence of being angry at the foibles of his characters or of holding a lash in readiness. His comic creations resemble those of Chaucer and Shakespeare. Parson Trulliber and Falstaff, if they were to meet, would have immediately recognized each other! Fielding is one of the greatest humorists in English literature. The same comic spirit which permeates his plays is also evident in his novels. As he informs us, the author upon whom he modeled himself was Cervantes; it is not surprising, therefore, that comedy should be his method. Fielding's humor is wide in range. It rises from the coarsest farce to the astonishing heights of the subtlest irony. On one side is his zestful description of various fights and, on the other, the grim irony of Jonathan Wild. Higher! than both is that ineffable, pleasant, and ironic humor that may be found everywhere in Tom Jones but is at its best in Joseph Andrews where it plays like summer lightning around the figure of Parson Adams-an English cousin of Don Quixote. Fielding's very definition of the novel as â€Å"a comic epic in prose† is indicative of the place of humor and comedy in his novels and, later, those of many of his followers. It may be pointed out here that Richardson had no sense of humor; he was an unsmiling moralist and sentimentalist. Comparing the two, Coleridge says: â€Å"There is a cheerful, sunshiny, breezy spirit that prevails everywhere strongly contrasted with the close, hot, tfay-dreamy continuity of Richardson. † Fielding's humor is sometimes of the satiric kind, but he is never harsh or excessively cynical.

buy custom Chronic Debilitating Diseases essay

buy custom Chronic Debilitating Diseases essay Chronic debilitating diseases refer to those diseases or disorders that affect individuals for a long time as they reduce the vitality, robustness, or strength of the body (Stone, 2011). Research has shown that aged people have a higher likelihood of developing chronic debilitating diseases or disorders than younger people do. Some of these diseases include stroke, heart disease, cancer, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, pneumonia, diabetes, just to mention a few (Waters, 2008). This discussion will consider Parkinsons disease, its impacts on healthcare organizations, effects on the role of nurses and physicians, and prevention and treatment of Parkinsons disease. Parkinson Disease Parkinsons disease refers to a mental degeneration condition that takes place when the substantia niagra in the brain become impaired or die (Waters, 2008). These nerve cells produce dopamine, which is a crucial chemical for allowing coordinated and smooth function of the muscles in the body. Parkinson diseases symptoms appear when about 70 percent of the cells that produce dopamine undergo degeneration (Stone, 2011). Development of the symptoms is slow and progresses gradually over many years. However, the use of medication can considerably alleviate the symptoms. Parkinsons disease is common among the aged population because their central nervous system have become weaker than that of young people. It is necessary to consider the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention and treatment of Parkinsons disease in order to have a better understanding regarding this disease. Causes of Parkinson Disease Parkinsons disease occurs because of deficiency of dopamine as the concerned brain cells die or degenerate (Stone, 2011). Therefore, a number of symptoms occur when the chemical messenger lacks or become deficient in the brain, which scientists have not yet discovered its causes. Research has shown that low levels of norepinephrine may also lead to the development of Parkinsons disease among the adult population (Stone, 2011). Researchers have found that Parkinsons disease may develop because of faulty genes and unfavorable environmental factors. In most people, Parkinson's disease arises in a sporadic manner without a clear cause, which means that the disease is idiopathic (Waters, 2008). However, quite a number of people have close relatives who are suffering from Parkinson's disease. Research has shown that this disease is hereditary and, thus, the progeny has a high likelihood of having Parkinsons disease once individuals are forty years or older (Stone, 2011). By carrying on research on families that have hereditary Parkinson's disease, researchers have identified a number of genes that have a close association with this disorder. Studies on these genes are extremely significant because they help individuals understand the causes of Parkinson's disease as well as the discovery of effective drugs to treat the diorder (Stone, 2011). Exposure to some viruses or toxins may lead to the emergency of Parkinson's symptoms and signs. Studies have shown that rural areas, domestic consumption of well water, and exposure to paper mills, pesticides, or herbicides may increase a persons likelihood of developing this disorder (Stone, 2011). Symptoms of Parkinson Disease Parkinsons disease has both primary and secondary symptoms. The primary symptoms have a close association with involuntary and voluntary motor function. At first symptoms are moderate, but may become complex over time (Factor Weiner, 2008). People experience symptoms differently with some experiencing severe symptoms when in other people the symptoms are mild. Research has shown that primary symptoms will appear when patients have lost about 60 percent or more of the cells that produce dopamine in the brain (Stone, 2011). The motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease include tremors, rigidity, Bradykinesia, postural instability, and parkinsonian gait. Some of the secondary symptoms of Parkinsons disease are anxiety, memory loss, depression, constipation, and increased sweating. Tremors include trembling in hands, fingers, arms, legs, feet, head, or jaw. Patients most often tremors experience while resting, but not when performing a task. When the patient is tired or excited, tremors may become worse (Stone, 2011). Another symptom that patients display is rigidity, which is the stiffness of the trunk and limbs. The stiffness may increase when the patient moves. Rigidity may lead to aches and pain in muscle especially when the muscles undergoes contraction and expansion due to movement (Stone, 2011). Bradykinesia is another symptom of Parkinsons disease in which the patients voluntary movement becomes extremely slow. Over time, the patient may not be ble to move efficiently because the muscular contraction and expansion may fail altogether. Bradykinesia and stiffness can have an effect on the facial muscles, resulting in an unexpressive appearance. Patients may also display postural instability, which is the inability to maintain balance due to impairment of reflexes (Stone, 2011). The patient may fall because of postural instability and, thus, people should assist them so that they do not obtain injuries. Over time, patients develop Parkinsonian gait, which is a shuffling walk in a stooping gait and absent or diminished arm swing. Some individuals experience secondary symptoms, which include anxiety, memory loss, depression, constipation, increased sweating, just to mention a few symptoms (Stone, 2011). Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease Diagnosis of Parkinsons disease depends on the physical examination and symptoms of the disorder (Factor Weiner, 2008. For instance, a symptom such as trembling is extremely significant for those people suffering from Parkinson's disease, which distinguishes the disorder from other diseases that lead to tremors as a symptom. Individuals with Parkinson's disease tend to in a shuffling and stooping gait without or with little self-generated arm swinging, which is odd. Sometimes, doctors order tests, such as blood tests, to determine whether the symptoms are of medical origin or they are hereditary (Factor Weiner, 2008. Treatment of Parkinson Disease Currently, there is no cure for Parkinsons disease, but scientists have discovered and made various therapies that can delay the appearance of motor symptoms and alleviate the symptoms (Factor Weiner, 2008. Such therapies are useful in increasing the level of dopamine either by mimicking dopamine, replacing dopamine, or inhibiting the breakdown of dopamine to prolong its effects. Research has shown that the use of therapy before the onset of motor symptoms can delay the onset and extend the patients quality life (Stone, 2011). Levodopa is among the most effective therapies, which undergoes conversion into dopamine. However, due to long-term treatment, levodopa can cause harmful side effects, such as involuntary movements and painful cramps (Stone, 2011). Another drug that is useful in the treatment of Parkinsons disease is a monoamine oxidase type B (Stone, 2011). This drug mimics dopamine and reduces its disintegration, and it relieves motor symptoms effectively. This medication, h owever, has side effects, including nausea, constipation, hallucinations, dizziness, and selling of body tissues. Impacts of Parkinson Disease on Healthcare Organizations Parkinson disease has affected health care organizations in a negative manner because of the diseases chronic nature. Patients spend a long time in hospitals and other healthcare institutions for continued support. Therefore, like other chronic debilitating diseases, Parkinsons disease requires the utilization of a lot of resources, including time, finances, and health personnel (Stone, 2011). Effects of Parkinson Disease on the Role of Nurses and Physicians Nurses and physicians take most of their time taking care of Parkinson disease patients because this disease is chronic and debilitating. This disease has challenged health personnel in finding the most appropriate medication, which they have not found yet (Waters, 2008). Therefore, Parkinsons disease is the disease that affects the central nervous system due to the degeneration of cells that are responsible in the production of dopamine. Body muscles fail to coordinate normally due to deficient dopamine. Parkinson disease is a chronic debilitating disease that commonly affects aged people because their central nervous system becomes weaker as compared to the central nervous system of young people. Various drugs such as levodopa and monoamine oxidase type B are effective in the treatment of this disorder, but they have unpleasant side effects because of long-term use (Stone, 2011). Parkinson disease affects both the health care organizations and health personnel, such as nurses and physicians because of the time and finances. Buy custom Chronic Debilitating Diseases essay

4 Tips for Writing Amazing Notre Dame Essays

4 Tips for Writing Amazing Notre Dame Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The University of Notre Dame is one of the most prestigious universities in the United States. It attracts the best and brightest students from around the country- in fact, 38% of the student body ranked in the top 1% of their high school graduating classes! That means that most applicants will have exemplary academic records. Because most applicant have amazing grades and transcripts, your Notre Dame application essays will be one of the most important ways for you to stand out from the crowd! This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about writing Notre Dame’s application essays. We’ve broken it into a few major sections. First, we’ll give you an overview of the Notre Dame supplement. Then we’ll walk you through each essay individually and answer the following questions: What is the essay asking you to do? What makes for a good answer? What are some potential essay topics? Are there pitfalls you should avoid? And finally, we’ll give you four top tips for taking your Notre Dame essays to the next level.So let’s get started! Why Are the Notre Dame Application Essays Important? The hard truth is that getting into Notre Dame is tough. Only 17% of applicants in 2018 were accepted, which makes Notre Dame harder to get into than schools like Emory University and Vassar! And because Notre Dame attracts top talent, admitted students also boast excellent standardized test scores. In fact, the average Notre Dame student scored between a 1410–1540 on their SAT or a 33–35 on their ACT. So that begs the question: what kind of applicants get admitted? According to the Notre Dame Office of Undergraduate Admissions, Notre Dame is looking for well-rounded, passionate students who excel in the classroom and are involved in the community. Here’s how Notre Dame sums up the importance of the essay portion of your application: Your essays are the most enjoyable part of the application reading process. Why? Because we learn about important decisions you’ve made, adventures you’ve survived, and lessons you’ve learned, family traditions you’ve experience. In other words, admissions counselors want to know that if you’re admitted, you’ll make the most of your time at Notre Dame- both inside and outside the classroom The Notre Dame essays are your chance to show admissions counselors that you’re the whole package, especially since Notre Dame does not conduct admissions interviews. That means your essay responses will be one of your only opportunities to show admissions counselors that you’re an excellent fit for their university. An Overview of the Notre Dame Supplement The Notre Dame supplement is available through either the Common App or the Coalition App websites. The Common App and the Coalition App are online platforms that let you apply to multiple colleges at once. If you aren’t sure what they are or how to use them, check out our guides to filling out the Common App and the Coalition App, which include tips for tackling the personal essays! Here’s where things get a little bit tricky: the Notre Dame supplement is submitted in addition to the application you have already filled out. That means you will be submitting additional essays specific to Notre Dame on top of the essays you’ve written for your universal application package. That’s why it’s called the Notre Dame supplement! The 2 Parts of the Notre Dame Supplement The supplement itself asks you to write and submit three additional essays, which are split into two groups: First, there’s the mandatory essay. This is the prompt that everyone who applies to Notre Dame must answer. For your next two essays, you’re given the choice between four prompts and must answer two. The online portals give you between 150 and 200 words to respond to each prompt, but the Notre Dame admissions website asks that each essay is 150 words. We recommend that you keep your essay as close to 150 words as possible! We know that’s not a lot of space, but remember: your admissions essays are about quality, not quantity. Now that you have a general sense of the Notre Dame supplement, let’s take a closer look at each essay topic. Essay 1: â€Å"Why Notre Dame?† What excites you about the University of Notre Dame that makes it stand out from other institutions? Remember: this essay topic is mandatory, which means you must answer it to complete the supplement. But don’t worry...we’re going to walk you through the process! What Is the Essay Asking You to Do? This prompt is essentially the â€Å"Why This College?† question. This is a common supplemental essay question designed to help admissions counselors understand why Notre Dame- and literally no other university!- is the perfect school for you. The â€Å"Why Notre Dame† prompt also serves another purpose: it helps they want to get a sense of how you, as both a student and as a person, will contribute to the Notre Dame community. In answering this question, your job is to show admissions counselors that you’re the perfect fit for Notre Dame, and visa versa. What Makes for a Good Answer? Do your homework. The key to writing an amazing â€Å"Why Notre Dame?† essay is showing admissions counselors that you’ve really dug into the resources and opportunities available at the school. Doing this proves you’re more than interested- it shows you’re passionate and motivated, too. As you research, look at specific classes you might be interested in taking and/or professors you might want to research under. (Here’s a list of all the colleges and departments at Notre Dame to get you started!) For example, if you want to program the next Alexa, you’ll want to mention taking classes like Artificial Intelligence and Software Development Practices. Or if curing cancer is more your thing, you can mention working with Dr. Jessica Brown, who is researching RNA to better understand how cancer works. Not sure what you want to major in yet? No problem. This is a common question we get when it comes to the â€Å"Why This College?† essay. The simple answer is: it’s okay to not know! Admissions counselors know that your major isn’t set in stone, but they do want to see that you’re thinking about the future. Even if you’re not 100% certain about what you want to do in the future, pick a potential major for the sake of writing this prompt. Don’t overlook the Notre Dame community, either. Admissions counselors are looking for students who will do more than study- they want to find people who will become members of the community, too. For instance, if you were in theatre in high school, you might want to participate in Shakespeare at Notre Dame! Also, many departments have their own student organizations (like the American Studies Club or Beta Gamma Sigma, a business honors society). Make sure you check departmental pages for this information. One quick note about religion: Notre Dame is a Catholic university, so many of its community programs are religiously affiliated. Unless you’re serious about becoming a member of one of these groups, don’t mention it in your essay. Admissions counselors read thousands of applications every year, and they will know if you’re being sincere! Start narrowing things down. Now that you’ve done your research and have a list of classes, professors, programs, and extracurriculars, choose the two or three things that stand out most. You only have 150 words, so you need to give yourself space to talk about the items you’ve chosen! Relate your topics to your goals. Remember, your job is to show admissions counselors that Notre Dame is the only school for you. Explain how the classes, programs, and activities you’ve mentioned will put you on the path to achieve your goals. For example, if you want to study adolescent psychology, explain how your coursework and experience at Notre Dame will help you go on to research how social media affects adolescents’ brain development. By making it personal, you’ll be able to emphasize how Notre Dame is the only place that can set you on the path to success. What Are Some Potential Essay Topics? Along with the examples we mention earlier in this section, here are a few other topics you might consider for this essay: Talk about how you hope to contribute to a specific ongoing research project with professor in your department. Explain your future career goals and mention how joining specific campus organizations will help put you on the path to success. Discuss how you want to take classes in two departments in order to think about a problem in your future profession in new ways. Are There Pitfalls You Should Avoid? Avoid generalities. Make sure you’re being as specific as possible about what makes Notre Dame special. Don’t just say you’re excited to attend because of the school’s study abroad programs- most, if not all, major colleges in the United States offer study abroad. What specific programs does Notre Dame offer that you can’t find anywhere else? The same goes for talking about your career interests. Don’t say that you want to stop climate change. How do you want to do that? How will specific classes, professors, and research opportunities at Notre Dame help you save the world? Leave sports out of it. We know, we know: part of the appeal of Notre Dame is joining the legion of Fighting Irish. But unless you’re joining one of the athletic teams, focus on academics and career/service opportunities instead. Don’t sound bored. The question asks about what makes you excited to attend Notre Dame, so let your passion show through in your writing. Essays 2 and 3: Choose Your Prompts For this section of the Notre Dame essay supplement, you’re given four different essay prompts. Your job is to choose and answer two. Keep in mind that the word limit for these prompts is the same, which means you’ll only have 150 words for each answer. For some people, choosing the prompts is the hardest part! There are a few things you can do to make this easier: Choose prompts that let you share new information. Go through the list and rule out any prompts that you’ve already discussed as part of your Common App or Coalition App. Some of the Notre Dame supplement essays involve talking about similar topics to the Common App and Coalition App essay prompts. Make sure you choose Notre Dame essay prompts that let you talk about something fresh and new! Brainstorm every prompt. Take an afternoon and write down potential ideas for every prompt below. Don’t worry about whether the ideas are good or not- just write them down! Once you’re done, take a look at which prompts give you the opportunity to share something new that you haven’t already mentioned in your application. Read ahead. Take a minute to read through the Notre Dame essay example topics below. See if any of the ideas or strategies jump out to you! Now let’s take a closer look at each prompt and how to answer them. Option 1: The Community Question As a Catholic university, we strive to be a community in which the dignity of each person is respected and everyone can truly flourish. Notre Dame’s president, Rev. John Jenkins, C.S.C., challenged our community to reflect on the following statement: â€Å"Let us never do anything to make another member of our community feel unwelcome, and let us not stand by if we see others doing so. Either we walk together in mutual support, or we do not walk at all. Either we are all Notre Dame, or none of us are." Tell us about a time when you walked with others. What Is the Essay Asking You to Do? â€Å"Walking with others† is a very specific phrase, especially in a Christian context. Imagine you are hiking a trail and you see someone limping because they’ve sprained their ankle. To help them, you would help support their weight and walk beside them to get them to safety. That’s what â€Å"walking with others† means: it’s about supporting someone through a difficult time. With that in mind, this essay prompt is essentially asking you to talk about a time where you supported someone else when they were in need. Through this prompt, admissions counselors want to better understand how you view your role in your relationships and/or your community. What Makes for a Good Answer? Use a personal anecdote. The key to this answer is telling a story about a very specific moment where you supported someone who needed it. Take a minute and jot down as many details as you can remember about that experience. Where were you? How old were you? Who was there? What happened? What was the outcome? Don’t worry if this is longer than 150 words. You just want to capture the details- you can condense the story as you write your essay. Don’t be afraid to think small. Many times, the most powerful experiences in our life are small ones. If you’ve done something huge that made the news, that’s great! But if you haven’t, that doesn’t mean you can’t answer this question. For example, maybe you and your family helped someone stranded in a snowstorm by letting them stay the night with you. That’s a small action that probably taught you about generosity, trust, and opening your family to strangers. Explain the situation. Remember, the admissions counselor reading your essay wasn’t there to see what happened. Make sure you set the stage by explaining the important details of your story. Keep it short and sweet since you need to discuss the impact of your experience, too. Focus on what you learned. Keep in mind that the admissions board wants to learn about you more than the person you helped. That’s why it’s important that you discuss the long-term impact of your actions in this situation. What did you learn? How did this experience change you? For instance, if you helped your mom through her cancer treatment, you might talk about learning to emotionally support your parent after she’d supported you for eighteen years. You want the admissions counselors to understand that you’ve taken the experience- even if it’s a negative one- and applied it positively to your life. What Are Some Potential Essay Topics? Along with the examples we discuss earlier in this section, here are some other topics you could write about: Standing up for one of your classmates who was being bullied. Supporting a friend who lost her parent. Participating in a service project where you slept outside to raise awareness for homelessness. Are There Pitfalls You Should Avoid? Avoid stereotypes. Be thoughtful about the experience you share. Notre Dame values community and diversity, so don’t tell a story that reinforces negative racial, cultural, or social prejudices. Be humble. One of the dangers with this prompt is that it could accidentally turn into a â€Å"look how great I am† essay. To combat this, think about this prompt as telling a story about what you learned, not what you did. Focus instead on how the experience has changed you and/or shaped your life. Option 2: The Keepsake Question What is one thing you will definitely bring to college with you? What Is This Essay Asking You to Do? This question is pretty straight-forward: it wants you to discuss something you plan to bring with you to Notre Dame and why it’s important to you. The meaning of the object is more important than the object itself, so that’s what you should spend the most time talking about in your response. Having said that, this prompt also allows for you to be really creative, both in terms of the item you pick and how you explain what it means to you. What Makes for a Good Answer? Pick your item. This will be the backbone of your essay, so you’ll want to devote time to thinking about this. Also, there are two types of things you can pick: something physical or something philosophical. A physical item is something you can hold in your hand, put in a box, and unpack in your dorm room. It could be a family keepsake, a memento from your childhood, or even a gift that means something to you. On the other hand, a philosophical item is intangible, but equally as important. This can be an idea, belief, or value that you carry with you daily that shapes who you are. Some good examples of philosophical items can be a religious belief, a value instilled in you by your parents, or even an idea that inspires you to work for your goals. Make sure your item tells a story. Make a list of potential items, both physical and philosophical. Now, go through the list and pick an item with a compelling story. For example, maybe one of your most treasured possessions is your ticket stub from seeing Hamilton on Broadway. If all you talked about was what a fun trip you had, the story wouldn’t be very compelling. But maybe you’re planning to study stage performance, so seeing the musical inspired you to put in extra hours practicing for your school play...and now you keep the ticket by your bed to remind you to chase your dreams. That’s a more powerful story that shows admissions counselors your passion, drive, and work ethic! Put an emphasis on meaning. Admissions counselors don’t really care what your item is- they’re most interested in what that item reveals about you. What does this item show about your personality, values, or aspirations? Perhaps you’ve decided to take a philosophical approach and discuss one of your dad’s favorite sayings, â€Å"Cross that bridge when you come to it.† He said that to you when you were first learning to play the trumpet. You’d get frustrated when you made a mistake, which would make you worry about not getting first chair in the band, and then losing your marching privileges. Your dad comforted you and told you to worry about one thing at a time. You’ve held that philosophy close ever since then, and you use it to help you focus on the things you can control rather than the things you can’t. This story shows your will to succeed, how much you care about your dad, and how you’re able to take advice and appl y it to your life. It also shows that you’ve learned how to focus on the present as you work toward the future, which is a great skill! Connect the story to your college experience and goals. Save the last sentence or two of your essay to explain how the meaning of your item will translate to your study and/or success at Notre Dame. For instance, maybe you’re bringing your baby blanket that your grandmother made when you were born. She had arthritis, but because she loved you, she knitted the whole blanket even though it made her hands ache. Not only does the blanket remind you of her and her love for you, but it also reminds you that achieving your goals takes toughness, fortitude, and dedication. Your grandmother inspires you to tackle your studies at Notre Dame with the same grit and tenacity that she used in making your blanket.Connecting your anecdote to Notre Dame shows admissions counselors that you’re thinking about how to use your experience to become a positive member of the Notre Dame community. What Are Some Potential Essay Topics? In addition to the examples we just discussed, here are some other ideas that might inspire your essay: You plan on bringing a box of food from Taiwan with you to college. You’re an international student, and food connects you to your culture and your family, even though you’ll be far away from home. When you were little, your mom used to sing you a song she made up about working hard whenever you did your chores. You thought it was annoying at the time, but now you sing it when you study to remind yourself to focus and do a great job. You've already packed your baseball- the exact same one you dropped at the state tournament on a clutch play to seal the win. The other team would come back to win the game...and the title. You thought your teammates would hate you for your mistake, but they supported you instead. You're bringing it to remind yourself that mistakes happen, and when they do, you should give others the benefit of the doubt. Are There Pitfalls You Should Avoid? Keep your item appropriate. If you wouldn’t talk about it with your parents, don’t write about it in your essay. Pick something unique...or not. Unique items almost always have unique stories. Maybe you have a rare baseball card or one of the picture of your mother playing the piano at Carnegie Hall. But some of the most interesting essays take ordinary objects and tell interesting stories about them, too. Maybe you’re going to take a box of macaroni and cheese with you to college because it reminds you of going on camping trips with your family. It’s an ordinary object that most people wouldn’t think twice about, but it has special meaning for you. Option 3: The Accomplishment Question What is your proudest accomplishment for which you did not receive recognition? What Is This Essay Asking You to Do? This question is pretty straightforward in that it wants you to talk about an accomplishment, but it throws in a twist. Unlike most essays, which ask you to talk about your accolades, this essay wants to know about your unrecognized success. In other words, you should discuss a moment where you did something for the sake of doing it, not because you’re rewarded. This question is a lot like the first optional essay prompt above since it’s asking you to think about a time that you did something because you wanted to, not because you received a pat on the back. If you decide to write this essay as well as the first option, be careful to make sure that you’re not reiterating the same points again. Remember: you should use each essay to reveal a new aspect of your personality to your reader! What Makes for a Good Answer? Brainstorm small successes. Here’s what we mean- think of a time where you reached a goal that was important to you even if it would seem insignificant to someone else. A small success might look like finishing your first 5K. You’ve never been a fast runner, but you trained for months to be able to finish. You didn’t finish first- or even 50th- but you accomplished your goal anyway. Ultimately, you’re trying to show admissions counselors that you’re motivated by more than just an A on a paper, which is important when you’re attending a competitive college where high grades are harder to earn. Focus on the takeaway. What did you learn from your experience? What did this experience teach you about yourself? Going back to the 5K example, maybe it taught you that you can do things you put your mind to, even if they’re things you think you’ll be â€Å"bad† at doing. Also, perhaps it taught you something about not comparing yourself to other people. You’ve learned that you get to judge what â€Å"success† means- just because other people run marathons doesn’t mean your 5K is any less of an achievement. Think about your motivation. Why were you inspired to take on this challenge? Perhaps you ran this 5K because your grandmother is battling breast cancer and you wanted to support her in her battle while raising money for cancer research. Your motivations for taking on this task can be even more revealing than the experience itself! What Are Some Potential Essay Topics? Since we’ve already talked about a sports-related topic, let’s look at some different types of accomplishments you might write about: Helping your younger sibling practice for- and pass!- their driving test. Stopping to help every turtle you find in the road make it safely to the other side. (You’re a turtle’s personal Superman.) Emotionally supporting your best friend through her parents’ year-long divorce. Are There Pitfalls You Should Avoid? You actually do get recognized for your work. Maybe your parents gave you $50 for helping teach your sibling to drive. That might not be a reward on paper, but it’s still some kind of recognition. Make sure you pick something where the only reward you recieved was the internal satisfaction of meeting your goal. You reiterate your rà ©sumà ©. Try to avoid talking about your own coursework here. Instead, use this as an opportunity to talk about your experiences outside of school. This is a great time to highlight some of your hobbies and passions beyond what you’ve already mentioned in your application! Your story comes across as negative. Even if your story is sad, make sure you come up with a positive takeaway. Think of it this way: this essay prompt gives you the opportunity to show how to make good out of a bad situation. Also, be sure you don’t come across as bitter because your hard work wasn’t recognized. Option 4: The Free-For-All Question You have 150 words. Take a risk. What Is This Essay Asking You to Do? As the question says, this is a high risk, high reward prompt. Since there’s no specific ask, you can do (almost) whatever you want! Here’s your chance to demonstrate your ability to work with little direction while simultaneously showcasing your creativity. What Makes for a Good Answer? You lean into your creativity. If you’re a naturally creative person, this is a good space to let that shine. But remember: this is an optional prompt! If you’re not a poet, don’t try to become one for the sake of answering this question in a unique way. Instead, think of what you’re passionate about. Perhaps you’re an excellent cook. Why not share one of your family recipes, concluding with a sentence about why cooking is so important to you? In other words, you don’t have to be the next Hemingway to answer this prompt! Be specific. No matter how you choose to do this, your answer here- just like your other essays- should focus on a specific story. Don’t try to tackle a huge topic! Narrow your focus until you have one particular idea, event, or area you want to focus on. Focus on your personality. Admissions counselors are trying to get to know the â€Å"you† behind your grades and activities. Your goal here is to help them understand you, so don’t get too esoteric in your response. Don’t be afraid of humor. Let’s start by saying that these responses don’t have to be funny! But maybe you accidentally wandered into a wedding reception and ended up catching the bouquet, much to your mother’s horror. If you’re a naturally funny person, and there’s a hilarious experience that you think will help admissions counselors get to know you, this is the perfect place to share it. What Are Some Potential Essay Topics? This isn’t really a â€Å"topic† based prompt, but here are some ideas for how you can â€Å"take a risk†: Write a poem or a very short fictional story that embraces themes and experiences that are important to you. Dig into the french fry debate: which fast food joint has the best fries, and why? Share your little-known passions. Maybe you are a World War II buff and want to share the story of Winkie, the carrier pigeon that saved the crew of a Royal Air Force bomber that was shot down over the North Sea. Talk about why you love one of your guilty pleasures, like eating cookies in bed or watching Korean soap operas on YouTube! Are There Pitfalls You Should Avoid? Keep it appropriate. We know we’ve mentioned this before, but it bears repeating. Make sure you’re choosing a G-rated topic. That means no sexual content, no drugs, and no illegal activities. Don’t forget to make a point. Just because the prompt is open-ended doesn’t mean your response should be random. For example, if you tell the story of Winkie, make sure to explain why it’s something you wanted to share. Maybe the story has taught you that even the smallest member of a team can have a huge impact! Spelling and grammar still count. Just because you can be more creative with this response doesn’t mean you can be less diligent. Grammatical mistakes and misspellings will count against you, so proofread carefully. Don’t blindly submit your essay. Some topics that might seem harmless to you could potentially be offensive to others, including your admissions counselor. Be sure you have a variety of other people read your essay to ensure you come across the way you intend. 4 Tips for Writing a Killer Notre Dame Essay Follow these four tips to write a great Notre Dame essay that'll show the school who you are and why they want to admit you. #1: Be Authentic You’re unique, with your own passions, experiences, and beliefs. Admissions counselors want to try to learn more about the â€Å"you† behind the transcript, so don’t be afraid to let your personality shine through in your essays. Even more importantly, don’t try to fabricate stories about yourself that you think will impress the admissions board. We guarantee that there are plenty of compelling things about you! Besides, admissions counselors have a finely tuned lie detector; they’ll know if you’re making things up. Admissions counselors look to your essays to learn more about you. That’s why it’s important to be yourself! Here’s what the Notre Dame Admissions website has to say about being authentic: â€Å"Your essays are the most enjoyable part of the application reading process. Why? Because we learn about important decisions you’ve made, adventures you’ve survived, lessons you’ve learned, family traditions you’ve experienced, challenges you’ve faced, embarrassing moments you’ve overcome.† #2: Deal With the Religion Question Not everyone who gets into Notre Dame is religious, but it’s important to know that some older demographic surveys show that the student body is up to 85% Catholic. Likewise, institutionally reported data indicates that a student’s religious affiliation and/or commitmentis considered in the admissions process. So if you are religious and haven’t already mentioned that elsewhere, you might consider discussing it in your Notre Dame application essays.But be careful! Make sure you review Notre Dame’s mission and commitments to make sure your answers align with the university’s beliefs. Additionally, don’t beat a dead horse. Every response shouldn’t revolve around religion- Notre Dame is looking for well-rounded students with a variety of interests and passions. And if you’re not religious, don’t lie to try and make yourself a more appealing candidate. Like we mentioned earlier, admissions counselors read thousands of applica tions every year. They’ll be able to tell if you’re being honest or not. #3: Jump Right In Abandon the long-winded introduction! You only have 150 words, so make every one count. To do that, get right into your topic from the very first sentence. If that feels weird, don’t worry: you can write a sentence or two of introduction to get you started, then delete it when you start revisions. #4: Show, Don't Tell Use descriptive words to paint a picture for your reader. Don’t say â€Å"I was so nervous to sing in the talent show.† Instead, say something like, â€Å"My palms were sweaty and I thought I might faint, but I walked on stage and sang anyway.† One tells the reader what you did, and the other gives the reader a glimpse at your experience. What's Next? Notre Dame is one of the top 20 colleges in the U.S., so you know admission is competitive. Using an acceptance calculator can help you better understand your chances of getting in. Notre Dame accepts both the Common App and the Coalition App. Not sure which one you should use? Don’t worry: we’ve got a handy-dandy guide to make your decision a breeze. Both the Common App and the Coalition App require additional essays beyond the ones we discussed in this post. (Yep, that means even more writing! Yay!) Thankfully, we have in-depth guides for both the Common App essays and the Coalition App essays, too. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now: